Numerical experiments of watershed-scale soil water movement and bedrock infiltration using a physical three-dimensional simulation model

Numerical experiments of soil water movement and bedrock infiltration based on a simplified simulation method were conducted to analyze watershed-scale rainfall-runoff processes. To verify the model accuracy, it was applied to a Minamitani watershed (0.45 ha). The simulation was performed with 2.5-m space grids horizontally and five cells vertically. Results of long-term calculation of this model proved that this simulation model is robust and demonstrated good computational water mass conservation. Calculation results showed the best agreement with observed hydrographs and the number of groundwater levels simultaneously when laboratory-tested soil hydraulic characteristics for topsoil were used and infiltration into bedrock was included in numerical calculations. Numerical experiments show that bedrock infiltration generated a stable base flow and suppressed the secondary discharge peak. The reproducibility achieved by observed soil hydraulic characteristics with the assumption of bedrock flow demonstrates the effectiveness of the simulation model used in this article for analyses of watershed-scale soil water movements.     

农户家庭经营问题研究——对邢台县浆水镇农户抽样调查材料的分析

本文应用数理统计方法对邢台县浆水镇9村265户样本资料进行了系统分析。指出农户家庭经营是我国农村普遍存在的基本经营形式。这一新生事物完全适应现阶段农村生产力发展水平,其收入已成为农民收入的主要来源。近年来,农民收入虽有大幅度提高,但水平仍然很低,农户间收入差距也在不断扩大,山区农村经济仍在一个低水平上运行。本文还对影响农民收入水平的相关因素和农户收支结构进行了分析,并有针对性地提出改善家庭经营管理的建议。最后,对加强农户家庭经营方面的研究与领导也提出具体意见。     

马尾松不同选择水平的研究

在福建省马尾松优良种源区内选择１０个有代表性的县（市），每个县（市）各选１片林分，按优树。优势木和平均木３种不同选择水平进行选择，采收各自的自由授粉种子进行子代测定试验，９年生树高生长统计分析结果表明：林分间和不同林分不同选择水平的差异极为显著；同一林分不同选择水平的差异不显著。马尾松遗传改良要特别注重种源和林分的选择，在此基础上进行个体选择。     

浅议贵州森林旅游的深层次开发

在分析旅游文化与贵州森林旅游深层次开发相互关系的基础上，结合贵州森林旅游业发展的实际情况，阐述了贵州森林旅游深层次开发的必要性和可行性，提出贵州森林旅游深层次开发的设想和保障措施。     

鄱阳湖水位特征与湿地生态保护

从分析江湖关系入手，研究鄱阳湖的水位及湿地生态特征，并提出人工控湖等加强湿地生态保护的对策建议。     

Wolves, elk, willows, and trophic cascades in the upper Gallatin Range of Southwestern Montana, USA

We summarized the status of wolves (Canis lupus), elk (Cervis elaphus), and woody browse conditions during the 20th century for the upper Gallatin elk winter range in southwestern Montana, USA. During this period, wolves were present until about the mid-1920s, absent for seven decades, and then returned to the basin in 1996. A chronosequence of photographs, historical reports, and studies indicated willows (Salix spp.) along streams became heavily browsed and eventually suppressed following the removal of wolves, apparently due to unimpeded browsing by elk. However, after wolf establishment in 1996, browsing intensity on willows lessened in some areas and we hypothesized that, at both a landscape and fine scale, browsing pressure reflects terrain configurations influencing predation risk (nonlethal effects), in conjunction with lower elk densities (lethal effects). We measured browsing intensity and heights of Booth willow (S. boothii) along 3000 m reaches of the Gallatin River and a tributary to examine the potential influence of wolf/elk interactions upon willow growth. Where the Gallatin Valley is relatively narrow (high predation risk), willows began releasing in 1999 and by 2002 were relatively tall (150–250 cm). In contrast, willow heights along a wider portion of the Gallatin Valley, along the open landscape of the tributary, and an upland site (all low predation risk) generally remained low (<80 cm). We identified terrain and other features that may contribute to the perceived risk of wolf predation, by elk for a given site. Although alternative mechanisms are discussed, changes in willow communities over time following wolf removal and their subsequent reintroduction were consistent with a top-down trophic cascade model involving nonlethal and possibly lethal effects. If similar top-down effects upon vegetation hold true in other regions of North America and other parts of the world where wolves have been extirpated, wolf recovery may represent a management option for helping to restore riparian plant communities and conserve biodiversity.     

Linking wolves to willows via risk-sensitive foraging by ungulates in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem

After an absence of approximately 70 years, gray wolves (Canis lupus) were re-introduced into Yellowstone National Park in the mid-1990s. We studied the potential influence of wolf/ungulate interactions upon willow (Salix spp.) growth in the valleys of the Gallatin and Lamar Rivers, as well as Slough and Soda Butte Creeks, in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem. When we compared willow heights from photographs taken prior to 1998 (willows <2 m tall) with those taken in 2004, we found an increase in willow height for 22 of 42 sites within the study area. Based on comparisons of the chronosequence photos, since wolf introduction none of the 16 upland riparian sites showed an increase in willow height, while 22 of 26 of the valley-bottom riparian sites had willow height increases. In 2004, willow height exhibited a strong inverse relationship with the percentage of browsed stems (r = −0.81, p < 0.01, n = 42). Results of regressions for valley-bottom sites indicated that view distance, impediment distance, and the number of bison (Bison bison) flops were inversely related to willow height (p ≤ 0.02). Increased willow heights were not significantly (p = 0.18) related to patterns of moisture availability. Willow height increases documented in this study appear to have been at least partially due to behaviorally mediated trophic cascades involving wolves and ungulates, via a mechanism of predation risk. While willow release (i.e., increased height growth) within the study area is in a very early stage, results suggest potentially important indirect effects of a top carnivore in a terrestrial food chain that may aid in the restoration of riparian species and the preservation of biodiversity.     

杉木的受害允许水平及粗鞘双条杉天牛防治策略研究

本文在９年生人工纯林中，采用固定标准地、固定标准株连续３年对树高、胸径实测的方法，计算并比较阌 害与末受害木材积及单位面积材积的 失。     

县级森林资源信息管理系统设计

运用建模工具软件、采用可视化建模的方法及标准的建模语言,比较系统地介绍了通用且符合“数字林业标准与规范”的县级森林资源信息管理系统的设计思想、主要内容及建立方法。内容包括：(1)系统开发思想与方法;(2)系统设计目标与要求;(3)系统分析及设计;(4)县级森林资源管理系统开发方法等。     

当前平原林业经营形式与农林业发展的关系

当前,邯郸平原的林业经营形式主要有集体经营、联产承包经营和单户经营等3种;这些经营形式,是与农村经济体制改革和当前生产力水平相适应的,对林业生产的发展有促进作用.本文还提出了影响林业发展的几个问题,需要加以解决。